Massive metamaterial system-loaded MIMO antenna array for 5G base stations

An integrated massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) antenna system loaded with metamaterial (MTM) is proposed in this article for fifth-generation (5G) applications. Besides, achievement of duple negative (DNG) characteristics using a proposed compact complementary split-ring resonator (SRR), a broad epsilon negative metamaterial (ENG) with more than 1 GHz bandwidth (BW), and near-zero refractive index (NZRI) features are presented. The proposed mMIMO antenna consists of eight subarrays with three layers that operate in the 5G mind band at 3.5 GHz (3.40–3.65 GHz) with high port isolation between adjacent antenna elements compared to an antenna that does not use MTM. Each subarray has two patches on the top layer, while the middle and bottom layers have two categories of full and partial ground plans, respectively. Simulated, produced, and tested are 32 elements with a total volume of 184 × 340 × 1.575 mm3. The measured findings reveal that the sub-6 antenna has a better than 10 dB reflection coefficient (S11), a lower than 35 dB isolation, and a peak gain of 10.6 dBi for each subarray. Furthermore, the recommended antenna loaded with MTM has demonstrated good MIMO performance with an ECC of less than 0.0001, total efficiencies of more than 90%, more than 300 MHz bandwidth, and an overall gain of 19.5 dBi.


Scientific Reports
| (2022) 12:14311 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18329-y www.nature.com/scientificreports/ electric (PEC) and magnetic (PMC) conductors and surfaces. In addition, the overall antenna size can be reduced. The antenna performance is greatly improved in Ref. 16 by using a two-dimensional left-handed metamaterial (LHM) design on the dielectric substrate's top (patch) and bottom (ground) sides. This method generates capacitive-inductive features due to the coupling between the designed patch and bottom plane configuration, which creates a backward traveling wave. However, a periodic structure on the ground plan is applied for a passive antenna before testing for temperature sensing, as offered in Ref. 17 . These bottom based surface layers allow a considerable improvement in the antenna size and bandwidth characteristics. Metamaterial (MTM), as an artificial medium, has several unusual features, such as negative (refractive index, permeability, and permittivity), making it appropriate for a variety of applications, including absorber 18 , bio sensing 19 , microwave imaging 20 , antennas 21 , metamaterial coding 22 , metamaterial lensing 23 , terahertz metamaterial 24 , and microwave devices like GPS5, WiMAX 25 .
In Ref. 26 , there is a negative index metamaterial made up of extended beams enclosed to a plate. A 3 dimensions acoustic MTM is examined in Ref. 27 which can be used to create a bandgap at the location of deep sound attenuation which can be employed as an acoustic filter for noise cancellation. All of these metamaterials' features have appeared at specified frequency bands of interest, dependent on the geometrical arrangement in the array and the structure's fixed composition. As a result, there is a growing interest in MTMs that emphasize numerous operating frequencies that are tuned by diverse stimuli such as electrical, mechanical, or optical signals. In addition, certain MTMs and resonators for diverse applications and property analyses are described in Ref. 28 . In Ref. 29 , a hexagonal Gap coupled split-ring resonator-based MTM with a size of 10 × 10 mm 2 that covers the S and X bands is described. MTM with a concentric ring-based resonator, on the other hand, is demonstrated in Ref. 30 , which demonstrates a single negative characteristic with dual resonances at 13.9 GHz and 27.5 GHz to improve the microstrip transmission line performance. In Ref. 31 , a triple-band response is reported for an open delta shaped ENG MTM. Furthermore, for microwave applications at S, C, and X-band, a pi-shaped complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR) associated with metal inclusion is created and described in Ref. 32 .
MTM unit cell was verified to increase antennas' performance in terms of gain, isolation, bandwidth, radiation patterns, …etc. due to its ability to perturb the current distribution patch along with the antenna radiator. In contrast, negative real value properties have occurred on the achieved refractive index (NRI) as well as both permeability (µ) and permittivity (ɛ) 33,34 . However, a MTM with a near-zero refractive index (NZRI) characteristic has been studied to improve the overall performance of the antenna in specific bands, including S, C, and X bands 35 . In addition, various types of MTMs are used to minimize the coupling between array elements 36,37 . However, the previously suggested decoupling approaches are difficult to build and operate on miniaturize MIMO antenna elements. Unlike conventional antenna arrays, this research uses a series of small split-ring resonators (SRRs) as resonators and to increase the isolation between the antenna elements.
Few works offered a MIMO configuration without an array mode by using multimode at each element (beamsteering). Reference 38 dispersed 108 elements along a nine-faced polyhedron ring operating at 2.4 GHz. This was accomplished by utilizing a developed patch to produce three modes per element: first (bandwidth of 238 MHz), second (254 MHz) modes have around 6.5 dBi gain, while the third mode of 102 MHz bandwidth has a gain of 1.21 dBi. Manteuffel and Martens 39 , on the other hand, adopted a sheet to accommodate four modes which covered a wide spectrum from 6 to 8.5 GHz, as well as an 11 × 11 array. With a very low envelope correlation coefficient, the port isolation was greater than 20 dB.
In this paper, quite high-isolation massive MIMO antenna with 32 elements that can cover 3400-3650 MHz is proposed for a future 5G base station with a measured bandwidth of 250 MHz. In addition, an analysis of a unique ENG/NZRI/DNG metamaterial unit cell is conducted to support the proposed design's operational working principle, which is based on the epsilon negative and near-zero refractive index properties, which are designed to simultaneously improve the isolation and overall performance of the MIMO antenna system. Four compact square-shaped splatted parts make up the proposed MTM. In contrast to traditional isolation solutions, the proposed MTM-based technology allows for substantial decoupling of up to 32 dB between the proposed radiating MIMO antenna elements and small array elements with ECC 0.0001. The experimental data and the findings from the CST microwave studio have been compared, and they exhibit great agreement, demonstrating the precision of the proposed MTM, subarray, and MIMO antennas. The suggested antenna has a fractional BW of roughly 7.1% and has negligible mutual coupling. Table 1 compares the proposed MIMO antenna loaded with the proposed unique MTM to other antennas previously reported in the literature. Figure 1a shows the schematic view of the proposed ENG metamaterial unit cell along with its geometrical configuration parameters. It is composed of four low profile square splitring resonators (SSRR) combined by an electrical 0.5 mm width slab and printed on the front side of Rogers 5880 substrate with a thickness of 1.575 mm, a dielectric constant εr of 2.2 and loss tangent δ of 0.0009. The proposed ENG metamaterial includes two symmetrical crescent shaped SSRR with a middle split portion on the upper arms, whereas the other two are splitted on the corner of either right or left SSRR arms. An array prototype of 1 × 3 unit cells is shown in Fig. 1b. It is created on top of the same substrate at vertical x axis-direction with 0.5 mm distance between each two units. Figure 1c characterizes the electromagnetic simulated wave propagation of the suggested ENG-DNG metamaterial design in the z-direction wherever it was positioned between 2 waveguide ports. Both perfect electric and perfect magnetic conductors (PEC, PMC) boundary conditions were applied to x-axis, and y-axis respectively. Furthermore, x-direction is also chosen to simulate the proposed MTM whereas PEC and PMC boundary conditions were utilized at z-axis, and y-axis respectively as shown in Fig. 1d.

Design of metamaterial unit cell.
Using the normal incidences data of scattering parameters, a robust approach is used to obtain the valuable metamaterial parameters 46 . The transmission (S21) and reflection coefficients (S11) of the designed MTM unit cell are first evaluated using simulations in the frequency span from 2 to 4 GHz. Using an Agilent N5227 PNA Metamaterial unit cell working principle. For more understanding of the physical MTM phenomena in both electric and magnetic field zones, the surface current distribution of two selected frequencies is investigated. Figure 3a,b illustrate the suggested unit cell MTM surface current distributions at 3.4 and 3.5 GHz, respectively. The surface current density is declared by colors, whereas the arrows denote the direction of surface current distribution. At 3.4 GHz, a noticeable surface current can be seen, as shown in Fig. 3a. On the inner edge of the left bottom square-shaped part, though, the surface current is further strong and intense. Furthermore, the overall MTM unit cell structure perturbs the surface current. Although, once the current flows, opposite side orientations of the noticeable current distribution of MTM-shaped etching strips are seen, nullifying the current and forming a stopband. Though, more concentrated surface current can be clearly detected at 3.5 GHz in Fig. 3b, particularly surrounding the SSR junction, which perturbed the overall structure of the unit cell. The measured S-parameters (S21 and S11) results as well as the simulated results at z-direction are demonstrated in Fig. 4. Its illustrations show that the frequency band at the span of (3.4-3.65 GHz) is a part of the S-band and covers the mid-band of the 5G application. All split square-shaped resonators integrated with the strip line arms are considered the appropriate cause of the realized stopband operational band. Figure 5 shows the proposed effective parameters values of MTM. For various MTM unit cell and array configurations, these characteristics involve effective real values and imaginary parts of the realized permeability, refractive index, impedance, and permittivity. The negative indexed region for Epsilon-negative metamaterial (ENG) and near-zero refractive index metamaterial (NZRI) metamaterial is emphasized with light green color in all diagrams. An extensive negative real value of permittivity is achieved with more than 1 GHz bandwidth, as  Fig. 5a. Nevertheless, a NZRI property exhibits in the range of (3.1-4.2 GHz) at z-axis wave propagation, as shown in Fig. 5c. Hence, this frequency resonance band can be used for electromagnetic cloaking, high isolation, and high gain antenna design.
In the z-direction, Fig. 6 illustrates the simulated relative permittivity and refractive index for the various MTM of the 1 × 1, and 1 × 3 array structures. Using one or three array unit cells, similar findings were obtained over a wide frequency range of 3-4.2 GHz. On the other hand, double negative refractive index (DNG) has been achieved along with x-axis in the frequency band (3.49-3.62 GHz) as shown in Fig. 7.

Design of mMIMO antenna system. A subarray designed configuration consists of 2 × 2 patches feed-
ing by a single port built on two dielectric layers of the printed circuit board (PCB), including three copperclad laminate layers. The top layer is used for the printed patch elements. The developed feeding network (FN) is located at the bottom layer with small partial ground. The middle layer will act as an inclusive reference for both feeding network and antenna patches. Besides, 1.28 mm diameter vias are used as a probe feeding between FN and radiator elements as well as to connect both partial and full ground planes. The substrates used are Rogers   Figure 8 shows the stackup of the board design. Figure 9a,b illustrate the top and bottom layers of the single-port subarray. The broadband side of the 8-port (32 elements) mMIMO antenna system loaded with MTM is displayed in Fig. 10. Furthermore, a 32 elements mMIMO antenna prototype is fabricated, as demonstrated in Fig. 11. Figure 12 depicts the fabricated board's S-parameters measurement setup. Figures 13a,b show the measured and simulated reflection coefficients (Sii) at each port whereas (i = 1,2,3,4,…, 8). The simulated achieved band for each subarray is 250 MHz in the frequency span of 3.40-3.65 GHz. Around 50 MHz variation has been observed between the measured and simulated findings due to a slightly larger ground footprint was used in the simulation as well as due to the difficulties of sticking two layers. Besides large BW, high isolation is attained for every two adjacent ports as shown in Fig. 14, whereas the minimum coupling between the ports is − 32 dB in the band of interest due to the decoupling effect of the MTM, which means the radiation energy from every two close elements is coupled very weakly. As a result, the adjacent subarrays are well decoupled in the band of interest. The cross-band coupling coefficients recorded between 3 and 4 GHz are also shown.

Results and discussion
The Envelope Correlation Coefficient is used to evaluate the proposed antenna's MIMO diversity performance (ECC). To ensure MIMO array mode operation, the ports' radiation patterns should be orthogonal or semi-orthogonal to one other. The ECC 49 is the basic metric for determining the degree of correlation between distinct ports. The ECC was estimated between adjacent sub-arrays using the acquired formula and the complex electric field patterns.    www.nature.com/scientificreports/ whereas − → F i (θ, φ) and − → F j (θ , φ) are 2 considered radiating elements of the antenna in far field characteristic with respect to θ.
The computed ECC of the proposed MIMO antenna array in the Sub 6 GHz bandwidth for 5G at 3.5 GHz is less than 0.0001, as illustrated in Fig. 15. As a result, the aforementioned result indicates that each of the two antenna ports has a low correlation, indicating great diversity performance. All ECCs are less than 0.0001, which meets the standard conditions of ECC is 0.3 in base station techniques due to high port-to-port isolation and the continuous radiation pattern. Moreover, Fig. 15c,d demonstrates the effect of MTM on the ECC results.
The diversity gain can be computed using DG = 10 × 1 − ECC 2 , and the significant value of achieved diversity gain is 9.95 dB, as shown in Fig. 16a for port 1 to 4 and Fig. 16b for port 5 to 8. For optimal performance of mMIMO antenna diversity gain have to be near 10 dB. For various subarray ports, the measured realized gain is determined to be between 9.0 and 11.2 dBi within the band of interest, as illustrated in Fig. 17, which satisfies    www.nature.com/scientificreports/ the functional requirements of base station application and makes the proposed antenna applicable for 5G communication. Besides high gain for each subarray, the realized broadside gain is 19.5 dBi. Figure 18 depicts the proposed antenna elements' normalised 3.5 GHz radiation patterns for each excited port. The co-polarization components are quite stable due to the isolation effect, and there are no visible ripples across the operating frequency band at 3.5 GHz. As illustrated in Fig. 18, the 2D radiation patterns of the proposed mMIMO antenna are measured and simulated in the E-plane at yz within ∅ = 90 • whereas θ = 90 • in the xy direction (H-plane). The far-field properties indicate a superb directional broadside main beam at yz planes for port 1-8; when port 1 is excited, the other subarray ports become reflectors. However, a nearly omnidirectional occurs in xy-plane. In addition, the simulation and measurement results are noticeable in good agreement. Figure 19 shows the pattern measurement setup inside the Anchor Chamber.

Conclusions
This paper presents a 32-element based mMIMO antenna system for 5G base stations that is integrated with an array of ENG/DNG metamaterial. The SSRR metamaterial unit cell is a one-of-a-kind symmetric split-ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial unit cell. It has a large negative index with more than 1 GHz bandwidth for Epsilon-negative metamaterial (ENG) and the negative real value property of near-zero refractive index (NZRI) in the range of 3.1 GHz to 4.2 GHz for Epsilon-negative metamaterial (ENG).
Eight subarrays are placed on a single side panel with full and partial grounds, which are placed on the middle and backside of two layers, respectively. The minimum measured BW is achieved with 250 MHz, whereas the minimum measured gain is 9 dBi within the band of interest at 3.5 GHz. However, 90% is considered as the realized efficiency. Even when the two antennas are quite close to one another, high isolation can be achieved, whereas the maximum ECC performance between the ports is 0.0001. In conclusion, the suggested mMIMO array (with 32 compact elements) has shown good isolation and overall performance, making it a suitable contender for 5G sub-6 GHz base station applications.